Profit: It is the main objective for every company. But to compete in a crowded, everchanging marketplace, a brand also needs a clear identity. To define themselves in a way that resonates with customers and employees, many companies have expanded their purpose to include a shared set of goals and values that define not just what the company does, but what it believes.
Purpose has become a popular concept in the years since the global financial crisis, as corporations work to earn back some of the public trust that was lost. Public discussion of purpose has grown fivefold between 1994 and 2015, with mentions starting to spike in 2013, according to an Oxford University and EY study.
The study found that a clearly defined corporate purpose fuels targeted innovation by focusing a team’s time and energy around a common mission. In an environment that demands ever-faster decision-making, a shared purpose also helps managers across divisions move in lockstep, even if they are not in constant communication. As Richard Branson, founder of the Virgin Group, once tweeted, “Purpose spurs passion, which fans the sparks that light the fires that fuel change.”
“It’s really important for midlevel workers to believe in the meaning of their job and understand how to succeed.”
—Claudine Gartenberg, an assistant professor of management at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania
But some workers are cynical about corporate purpose statements, seeing them as little more than propaganda pushes intended to make them work harder. Click To Tweet Those who think purpose-driven management subverts the profit motive and forces a company to make decisions that do not maximize shareholder value likewise raise their eyebrows at these statements. This tension has left many executives grappling with the question of whether it is feasible to create a purpose-driven culture that resonates with rank-and-file workers while also boosting profits.
Claudine Gartenberg, an assistant professor of management at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, believes it is possible. She says successful purpose-driven management boils down to distinguishing between two kinds of purpose and instilling the right kind across the company. Her research conducted with George Serafeim of Harvard Business School and Andrea Prat, an economist at Columbia University, demonstrates that “purpose clarity,” or the notion that leadership’s expectations are clear, corresponds to future stock returns of up to 7.6 percent annually.
“Purpose-camaraderie,” on the other hand—the sense that work is fun—does not correspond to better financial performance. Purpose-clarity fuels improved financial performance because it focuses on job effectiveness, Ms. Gartenberg says.
Although purpose-camaraderie creates an environment in which employees enjoy themselves and feel familial allegiance to one another, purpose-clarity defines expectations about direction, job responsibilities and tools that can help employees succeed.
“We’re not saying not to invest in a familystyle atmosphere,” says Ms. Gartenberg, noting that happier employees certainly correlate to lower turnover, among other benefits. “You could work for the kindest person in the world, but if your work is meaningless, it doesn’t matter. Humans crave clarity and meaning.”
Ms. Gartenberg and her co-authors reached this conclusion, according to the report titled Corporate Purpose and Financial Performance, after surveying more than 455,000 employees at 429 companies around the world for six years. The responses to questions regarding purpose-clarity proved economically significant: There was a difference of almost 4 percent in returns on assets between the companies with employees that indicated the lowest and highest levels of clarity. The study also revealed that CEOs cannot build this type of purpose alone. Middle management needs to accept and live the purpose statement in order for it to resonate across the organization.
THE MEAT IN THE MIDDLE
To parse the importance of middle management compared with C-suite execs or rank-and-file teams, Ms. Gartenberg and her co-authors looked at five different staff levels, from top executives to hourly employees.
“The more senior the person, the stronger the perceived purpose,” she says.
For example, a high-level executive is more likely to buy in to the firm’s mission and stated purpose because his or her compensation is most directly linked to company performance. But
Ms. Gartenberg says that buy-in does not correspond to improved financial performance. Acceptance from middle managers, meanwhile, does. “It’s really important for midlevel workers to believe in the meaning of their job and understand how to succeed,” she says.
A 2016 study, Corporate Culture: Evidence From the Field, conducted by professors at Duke University and Columbia University, offers an explanation for why midlevel buy-in drives the financial impact of corporate purpose. Based on a survey of almost 1,400 companies, the research demonstrated that in order to be effective, a stated corporate mission must be complemented by rules and norms—including governance and compensation—that dictate actual behavior. These policies are implemented on a day-today basis by a company’s middle managers.
In other words, Ms. Gartenberg says, purpose flows efficiently through an organization when employees know that specific actions will be recognized and either criticized or rewarded by management. “This sort of clarity creates a contract between all levels of workers that helps implement purpose and drive performance,” she says.
Middle managers, charged with executing a company’s strategy, are the ones who ultimately honor that contract. Conversely, if middle managers act without clarity and implement divergent practices—even if each individual plan is sound—a company’s performance will suffer.
“Management has to put practices in place that are consistent with the purpose of the firm,” Ms. Gartenberg says.
When that happens, employees are more likely to believe their company’s leaders are truly committed to the purpose they want workers to rally around.
FROM ACADEMIA TO ACTION
Middle managers are responsible for making purpose-clarity a reality, but that does not mean executives’ hands are tied, says Mr. Serafeim, Harvard Business School professor and one of Ms. Gartenberg’s coauthors.
Rather, leaders can help teams succeed by laying out an effective and efficient framework for delivering on the company’s purpose.
1. Create an authentic corporate purpose. That means ditching mission statement buzzwords such as “teamwork,” “integrity” and “innovation.” They are “well intentioned but vague,” Mr. Serafeim says, and do not translate to the average worker’s day-to-day experience. Using buzzwords and stock phrases likely will make workers tune out rather than buy in.
2. Explain why it matters. A company’s purpose has to fill a void to really have impact, Mr. Serafeim says. What is missing? What do customers desperately want? How can your purpose provide this, and why is your company well positioned to deliver? If the company is not solving a problem, filling a void or supplying a solution, it will be hard to define its purpose.
3. Measure progress objectively. “Leadership must develop defined ways to chart success that are aligned with purpose,” Mr. Serafeim says. Without the ability to measure progress, neither middle management nor its staff will buy in. Purpose does not tread water—it propels momentum forward.
4. Keep the timeline loose. Executives should communicate the idea that, while establishing and acting on purpose is a top priority, it is not necessarily something that can be fully accomplished. Instead, Mr. Serafeim likes to view the effort as “an eternal search for mastery.”
5. Practice what is preached. Although championing purpose authentically and effectively can improve your financial results, doing so loudly and without action—or without acknowledging inevitable hurdles—can breed skepticism and doubt among employees, shareholders and customers. Leadership has to clearly explain its purpose, how decisions relate to that purpose and how it is reacting to explicit challenges to that purpose.
